Specific Volume Definition, Formulas, Examples

Specific volume is defined as the number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of matter. It is the ratio of a materials volume to its mass, which is the same as the reciprocal of its density. In other words, specific volume is inversely proportional to density. Specific volume may be calculated or measured for any state of matter, but it is most often used in calculations involving gases. The standard unit for specific volume is cubic meters per kilogram (m3/kg), although it may be expressed in terms of milliliters per gram (mL/g) or cubic feet per pound (ft3/lb).   Intrinsic and Intensive The specific part of specific volume means that it is expressed in terms of unit mass. It is an  intrinsic property of matter, which means it does not depend on sample size. Similarly, specific volume is an intensive property of matter that is unaffected by how much of a substance exists or where it was sampled. Specific Volume Formulas There are three common formulas used to calculate specific volume (ÃŽ ½): ÃŽ ½ V / m where V is volume and m is massÃŽ ½ 1 /Ï  Ï -1 where Ï  is densityÃŽ ½ RT / PM RT / P where R is the ideal gas constant, T is temperature, P is pressure, and M is molarity The second equation usually is applied to liquids and solids because they are relatively incompressible. The equation may be used when dealing with gases, but the density of a gas (and its specific volume) may change dramatically with a slight increase or decrease in temperature. The third equation only applies to ideal gases or to real gases at relatively low temperature and pressures that approximate ideal gases. Table of Common Specific Volume Values Engineers and scientists typically refer to tables of specific volume values. These representative values are for standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is a temperature of  0  Ã‚ °C (273.15 K, 32  Ã‚ °F) and pressure of 1 atm. Substance Density Specific Volume (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Air 1.225 0.78 Ice 916.7 0.00109 Water (liquid) 1000 0.00100 Salt Water 1030 0.00097 Mercury 13546 0.00007 R-22* 3.66 0.273 Ammonia 0.769 1.30 Carbon dioxide 1.977 0.506 Chlorine 2.994 0.334 Hydrogen 0.0899 11.12 Methane 0.717 1.39 Nitrogen 1.25 0.799 Steam* 0.804 1.24 Substances marked with an asterisk (*) are not at STP. Since materials arent always under standard conditions, there are also tables for materials that list specific volume values over a range of temperatures and pressures. You can find detailed tables for air and steam. Uses of Specific Volume Specific volume is most often used in engineering and in thermodynamics calculations for physics and chemistry. It is used to make predictions about the behavior of gases when conditions change. Consider an airtight chamber containing a set number of molecules: If the chamber expands while the number of molecules remains constant, the gas density decreases and the specific volume increases.If the chamber contracts while the number of molecules remains constant, the gas density increases and the specific volume decreases.If the chambers volume is held constant while some molecules are removed, the density decreases and the specific volume increases.If the chambers volume is held constant while new molecules are added, the density increases and the specific volume decreases.If the density doubles, its specific volume is halved.If specific volume doubles, density is cut in half. Specific Volume and Specific Gravity If the specific volumes of two substances are known, this information may be used to calculate and compare their densities. Comparing density yields specific gravity values. One application of specific gravity is to predict whether a substance will float or sink when placed on another substance. For example, if substance A has a specific volume of 0.358  cm3/g and substance  B has  a specific volume 0.374  cm3/g, taking the inverse of each value will yield the density. Thus, the density of A is 2.79 g/cm3 and the density of B is 2.67 g/cm3. The specific gravity, comparing the density of A to B is 1.04 or the specific gravity of B compared to A is 0.95. A is more dense than B, so A would sink into B or B would float on A. Example Calculation The pressure of a sample of steam is known to be 2500  lbf/in2 at a temperature of 1960 Rankine. If the gas constant is 0.596 what is the specific volume of the steam? ÃŽ ½ RT / P ÃŽ ½ (0.596)(1960)/(2500) 0.467  in3/lb Sources Moran, Michael (2014). Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th Ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1118412930.Silverthorn, Dee (2016). Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-55980-7.Walker, Jear (2010)l. Fundamentals of Physics, 9th Ed. Halliday. ISBN 978-0470469088​.

Just As The Hands Of A Clock Are Constantly Moving, Time

Just as the hands of a clock are constantly moving, time is constantly going about changing society. Relationships among people have changed significantly from what they were in the past. Specifically, the way in which people interact has changed drastically. However, the one interaction has remained relatively the same throughout: bullying. Bullying, a negative interaction, has produced many statistics. In other words, bullying has made its mark in who the common bullies are, who are the typical victims of bullying, the repercussions of bullying, and ways in which bullying is linked to social and individual problems such as depression, anxiety, and violent tendencies. Common Links Across Bullying Societal context has provided an†¦show more content†¦On the contrary to the negativity forwarded by the bully, there are aspects that may help children avoid the drive-for-power behavior. The alternative to being a bully is an effective member of society. If a child has the right friend group they will be less inclined to be involved in negative behavior. By right friend group this means, supportive in nature. Those who are not the alternative are unfortunate in the matter that they become the victim of bullying. Overweight and obese children are often bullied. As well as, anxious, socially withdrawn, and aggressive children are often found to be the victims of bullying. The reasons behind these characteristics being common amongst victims is because those who are anxious or socially withdrawn are not likely to fight back or retaliate if bullied. And contrary to belief children who demonstrate aggressive tendencies fall victim to bullying becaus e their behavior may be interpreted as irritating by the bully. These children who are victims are victims of many types of bullying. Types of Bullying Overall bullying perceived as a singular concept, but there are many variations that take place. 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Breast Cancer A Unique Non Wired Bra - 915 Words

Millie is a unique non-wired bra intended to make a difference to the lives of so many women especially targeted for women after breast cancer. Sue Pringle founded the idea of a soft and shapely, non-wired bra, with a pocketed lining designed for women who want to regain confidence after breast cancer. Pringle, who was a victim of breast cancer realized the difficulty of finding a suitable bra after her breast surgery. After ten years of breast cancer, Pringle understood that she and other women who have also suffered from breast cancer could no longer wear an ordinary bras. For this reason, she was determined to discover Millie after her research find out that many women felt the same way she did about ordinary bras. For instance,†¦show more content†¦The value that these women after breast cancer are getting from this product is something beautiful and comfortable to regain their confidence. Millie Lingerie has done a remarkable job at marketing their non-wired bars. One of the ways they marketed their bras is by having a plan on how many products they’re going to sell to potential customers. To demonstrate, Millie has set a goal to pre-sell 500 or more bras as a reward, Gift to someone special, or Gift to a Charity. This marketing method allows for Pringle’s products to get on to the hands of her target market. With the rewards system, Millie has sent out bra rewards designed to make sure everybody can get involved on their project whether if they’re: women, men, children, friends, and family. The rewards car method is a great way to reach out to their recipients and create customer loyalty. Millie has also allowed for their users to give feedback on their product to better improve it. To clarify, they have asked women after breast cancer how it feels to wear the bra in hope to receive vital feedback for ongoing product development, and further proof of market to future trade customers. Not only is Millie offering rewards but she is also offer a Gift a Bra to Charity Reward. Millie is partnered with a couple of charities such as Keeping Abreast and The Nottingham Hospitals Charity. Both charities support women through some of the hard times during breast cancer

Music in my life Essay Summary Example For Students

Music in my life Essay Summary Life All over the world there are people of different cultures, skin colors, backgrounds, and more. This world that we live on is such a unique place with many different wonderful aspects. One thing in life that everyone in the world can share is music. Music is what brings the world together. Almost every single person uses music in many different ways. Some people use music to trigger old memories, some use music to calm or relax themselves, and some use music to hype themselves up. Music is used everywhere and everyday. Many people use music to calm or relax themselves and fall asleep and some use music to hype up and have fun. Even very young children use music to help them fall asleep. Music also can easily bring memories back to your mind. There are many times in my life that I hear a song and instantly wish I could go back to that moment in time when I heard that song such as a vacation. I listen to certain types of music according to my emotion or mood. When I am in a happy mood, I play hip-hop, pop, or rap music. When I am in a more depressing mood, I sit down and listen to country r blues music and relate my life to that song. It actually helps me feel better when I can relate to a song because it helps me realize that I am not the only one going through what I am depressed about at the time. I cannot even begin to fathom a life without music. Just imagine, driving in a car with no music, going into a store with no music, or even a party with no music. Life would Just be so boring and I am so thankful that I have music in my life. I am excited to learn more about music this semester and learn about different genres, artists, and more. Music in my life By major

5 Tips for a Great Email Subject Line

5 Tips for a Great Email Subject Line 5 Tips for a Great Email Subject Line Writing a great marketing email or newsletter is one thing. Encouraging your subscribers to open said email is another thing entirely. As such, you need a great subject line. But how can you create a subject line that will boost open rates? Our top tips for a great email subject line include: Keep email subject lines short and simple (ideally, six to ten words). Tailor subject lines to suit your brand, audience and goals. Personalize each subject line using your customer information. Avoid words and phrases that trigger spam filters. Use A/B testing to refine your email subject lines. For more detail on optimizing your email subject lines, read on below. 1. Keep It Short The best email subject lines are usually short and simple. In fact, subject lines between six and ten words long generate the highest open rates. Thus, you need to set out what the email is about in clear, concise terms. Sometimes, this simply means getting straight to the point: Here, the subject line is simple, but it tells the recipient exactly what they need to know. And that is often enough! In other cases, you may need to tempt the recipient to open the email by setting out a time-limited offer or asking a question: Even in these â€Å"tempting† subject lines, though, a punchy message will usually work best. If nothing else, you risk losing part of the sentence with a long subject line. And if you do use a longer subject line, you will therefore need to front load the important information: In the email above, for example, the subject line was long enough that the browser did not display the whole message. But the most important detail – Save up to 75% on Weekly Sale – is right at the start, so the sender could be sure that all recipients would read this information. 2. Think About Your Audience and Goals No single â€Å"style† will suit every email. Instead, the best approach for each subject line will depend on your brand voice, audience and goals. The first two of these – brand voice and audience – go hand in hand. After all, your brand should reflect what your customers expect from your business. So, if you’re running an entertainment news website aimed at a young audience, you might pack your email subject lines with slang or emoji. But the same approach may not be appropriate for mailing an accountant’s client list. Dated slang is another hazard for try-hard accountants. Similarly, an email subject line should reflect your aims. Are you trying to convert new subscribers into customers? Remind existing customers of a deadline? Provide news about your business? In any case, think about how you can tailor the email subject line to help achieve your goal. 3. Personalize Each Subject Line Adding a personal touch to an email subject line can boost open rates. This may include any number of the following: The subscriber’s first name (e.g., the LinkedIn email above). Mentioning products or services that reflect the user’s past purchases. Sending a greeting or offer on the user’s birthday. Localizing emails based on a subscriber’s address. How you approach personalization will depend on your business and the information you have on your subscribers. But people are much more likely to open an email if they feel it was written for them. 4. Avoid the Spam Filters If your emails end up in the Spam folders of your subscribers, nobody will read them. So to stop this happening, you should try to avoid words and phrases that sound â€Å"spammy† in your subject lines. This does include some fairly obvious terms – a subject line that says EARN  £Ã‚ £Ã‚ £ FROM HOME TODAY!!! is not likely to get past any spam filters. But it can also include innocuous phrases such as â€Å"great deal† or â€Å"compare rates,† so make sure to check a list of spam trigger words. 5. Test Different Subject Lines Finally, A/B testing is a great way to refine your email subject lines over time. This involves sending two versions of the same subject line to different parts of your subscriber list and seeing which generates the best results. And these results are specific to your business. Thus – whatever other companies are doing and whatever the marketing blogs are saying – you will get to know exactly what your customers respond to, letting you target them more effectively.

Immediate environment Essay Essays

Immediate environment Essay Essays Immediate environment Essay Essay Immediate environment Essay Essay The human status nowadayss us with ineluctable troubles which. in bend. necessitate us to do personal picks. The capacity to do a pick and its corresponding duties render brooding thought as constitutive of what it means to be a human being and what it means to be a Self. It is in this witting activity of doing a pick that the will makes itself manifest. In a sense. a pick is an look of one’s will. of one’s subjectiveness. For Kierkegaard ( 1999 ) . this subjectiveness constitutes the singularity of the individual’s being. Kierkegaard provides us with an thought of how to near the job of being. that is. by concentrating our attending to the concrete person who makes personal picks and acts out on these picks. He breaks off from the ancient Greeks’ utmost accent on reason and objectiveness and its general jobs. This is apparent in his critical assessment of the Grecian calamity. He claims. â€Å"The ground is of class to be found in the fact that in the ancient universe subjectiveness was non to the full witting and reflective† ( Kierkegaard. 1992. p. 142 ) . He goes on to add. â€Å"Even though the single moved freely. he still depended on significant classs. on province. household. and destiny† ( Kierkegaard. 1992. p. 142 ) . This is another manner of saying that even if the ego can see the province of freedom and in fact realize this freedom by portraying its capacity to execute independent Acts of the Apostless. the ego continues to be affected by the factors in its immediate environment. Kierkegaard’s amplification sheds light on the importance of reliable pick in footings of bring forthing our construct of selfhood. In the instance of the tragic hero. the fatalistic mentality of the ancient Greeks can convey serious uncertainties on the inquiry sing the genuineness of the tragic hero’s picks. Given that the person can non truly disassociate himself off from significant classs. how can we set up that it is the person who defines himself and non the other manner around? Choice is an built-in facet of Kierkegaard’s gradual development of the Self. It is of import to observe that the development of the Self is gradual as it goes through certain phases where the quality of one’s being is improved via an act of pick. This is to state that the person and his construct of the Self ascend from one phase to another. Such Ascension indicates that the person is in the procedure of realization. For Kierkegaard ( 1992 ) . the aesthetic phase is a phase where one’s sense of the Self is governed by the animal. urges and emotions. This phase presents the person with an semblance of freedom. In kernel though. the aesthetic phase. although apparently attractive. is in world. destructive. He claims. â€Å"We said that every aesthetic life-view was desperation ; this was because it was built upon what may or may non be† ( Kierkegaard. 1992. p. 525 ) . These are the grounds as to why the aesthetic phase can non take to a progressive realization of the person. Apparently. it is besides the attraction and the emptiness of the sort of life in the aesthetic phase which leads the person to exceed animal being and ascend to the ethical phase. From reading Kierkegaard. it seems to me that the significant distinction between the aesthetic and the ethical person/stage remainders on the is-ought differentiation. Kierkegaard claims. â€Å"The aesthetic factor in a individual is that by which he is instantly what he is ; the ethical factor is that by which he becomes what he becomes† ( 1992. p. 492 ) . The ethical individual is. hence. a individual who subscribes to the demands of ground ; and the ethical life is a life devoted to the chase of moral goodness. It is. nevertheless. of import to observe that Kierkegaard’s phrase â€Å"by which he becomes what he becomes† implies both committedness and pick on the portion of the person. The difference between Descartes and Kierkegaard is. at this point. really obvious. Descartes focal points on the expansive jobs of cosmopolitan import. such as being in its cosmopolitan sense. Kierkegaard ( 1992 ) . on the other manus. focal points on the concrete person and his concrete being. In the terminal. it can be said that the construct of the Self is a merchandise of the concrete picks of the person as they present themselves in the class of the individual’s being. The realization of one’s Self requires something more than pick. that is. action. Aside from action. something more is required. that is. perpetrating oneself to the pick that he makes and his actions as a merchandise of one’s rational deliberation. Reference Kierkegaard. S. ( 1992 ) . Either/or: a fragment of life. London: Penguin.

Can an effective crisis management plan in PR be prepared beforehand Essay

Can an effective crisis management plan in PR be prepared beforehand - Essay Example The aim of crisis management plan is to reduce the damage that occurs from crisis. Public Relation strategies for crisis management help to limit the damage that occurs due to crisis. Organizations should monitor the facts due to which the crisis occurred and listen to their stakeholders during a crisis situation. Management of the crisis by deciding on the key messages is exceptionally important as it is the best way to reach each group quickly. Managing spokesperson and responding to media quickly is also essential to reduce effects of crisis. A quick response regarding a crisis situation does not allow public and media to speculate rumours. Rumours are very dangerous because they impact the brand image of an organization. It is also important for employers and managers to develop proper platform that can help to prepare an appropriate communication with different stakeholders. Most of the organizations, in the contemporary era emphasize on the development of crisis management plan that can be incorporated beforehand. Public Relation has become an important tool for business organizations, non-profit and government organization because it helps to limit the chances of crisis related situations. While crisis cannot be avoided by organizations every time but with appropriate planning with help of public relation strategies and preparations, they can be managed. Marketing experts have many different opinions regarding the planning and execution of crisis management planning in Public Relations. Some people believe that crisis management planning cannot be incorporated beforehand, which is not appropriate. This essay elabor ates the crisis management techniques and provides evidences that prove that those techniques can be implemented before crisis occurs in organizations. There was a lack of implementation of theories on Public Relation practices in the past. This factor limited the research as there were no guidelines set for crafting