Specific Volume Definition, Formulas, Examples

Specific volume is defined as the number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of matter. It is the ratio of a materials volume to its mass, which is the same as the reciprocal of its density. In other words, specific volume is inversely proportional to density. Specific volume may be calculated or measured for any state of matter, but it is most often used in calculations involving gases. The standard unit for specific volume is cubic meters per kilogram (m3/kg), although it may be expressed in terms of milliliters per gram (mL/g) or cubic feet per pound (ft3/lb).   Intrinsic and Intensive The specific part of specific volume means that it is expressed in terms of unit mass. It is an  intrinsic property of matter, which means it does not depend on sample size. Similarly, specific volume is an intensive property of matter that is unaffected by how much of a substance exists or where it was sampled. Specific Volume Formulas There are three common formulas used to calculate specific volume (ÃŽ ½): ÃŽ ½ V / m where V is volume and m is massÃŽ ½ 1 /Ï  Ï -1 where Ï  is densityÃŽ ½ RT / PM RT / P where R is the ideal gas constant, T is temperature, P is pressure, and M is molarity The second equation usually is applied to liquids and solids because they are relatively incompressible. The equation may be used when dealing with gases, but the density of a gas (and its specific volume) may change dramatically with a slight increase or decrease in temperature. The third equation only applies to ideal gases or to real gases at relatively low temperature and pressures that approximate ideal gases. Table of Common Specific Volume Values Engineers and scientists typically refer to tables of specific volume values. These representative values are for standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is a temperature of  0  Ã‚ °C (273.15 K, 32  Ã‚ °F) and pressure of 1 atm. Substance Density Specific Volume (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Air 1.225 0.78 Ice 916.7 0.00109 Water (liquid) 1000 0.00100 Salt Water 1030 0.00097 Mercury 13546 0.00007 R-22* 3.66 0.273 Ammonia 0.769 1.30 Carbon dioxide 1.977 0.506 Chlorine 2.994 0.334 Hydrogen 0.0899 11.12 Methane 0.717 1.39 Nitrogen 1.25 0.799 Steam* 0.804 1.24 Substances marked with an asterisk (*) are not at STP. Since materials arent always under standard conditions, there are also tables for materials that list specific volume values over a range of temperatures and pressures. You can find detailed tables for air and steam. Uses of Specific Volume Specific volume is most often used in engineering and in thermodynamics calculations for physics and chemistry. It is used to make predictions about the behavior of gases when conditions change. Consider an airtight chamber containing a set number of molecules: If the chamber expands while the number of molecules remains constant, the gas density decreases and the specific volume increases.If the chamber contracts while the number of molecules remains constant, the gas density increases and the specific volume decreases.If the chambers volume is held constant while some molecules are removed, the density decreases and the specific volume increases.If the chambers volume is held constant while new molecules are added, the density increases and the specific volume decreases.If the density doubles, its specific volume is halved.If specific volume doubles, density is cut in half. Specific Volume and Specific Gravity If the specific volumes of two substances are known, this information may be used to calculate and compare their densities. Comparing density yields specific gravity values. One application of specific gravity is to predict whether a substance will float or sink when placed on another substance. For example, if substance A has a specific volume of 0.358  cm3/g and substance  B has  a specific volume 0.374  cm3/g, taking the inverse of each value will yield the density. Thus, the density of A is 2.79 g/cm3 and the density of B is 2.67 g/cm3. The specific gravity, comparing the density of A to B is 1.04 or the specific gravity of B compared to A is 0.95. A is more dense than B, so A would sink into B or B would float on A. Example Calculation The pressure of a sample of steam is known to be 2500  lbf/in2 at a temperature of 1960 Rankine. If the gas constant is 0.596 what is the specific volume of the steam? ÃŽ ½ RT / P ÃŽ ½ (0.596)(1960)/(2500) 0.467  in3/lb Sources Moran, Michael (2014). Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th Ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1118412930.Silverthorn, Dee (2016). Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-55980-7.Walker, Jear (2010)l. Fundamentals of Physics, 9th Ed. Halliday. ISBN 978-0470469088​.

Just As The Hands Of A Clock Are Constantly Moving, Time

Just as the hands of a clock are constantly moving, time is constantly going about changing society. Relationships among people have changed significantly from what they were in the past. Specifically, the way in which people interact has changed drastically. However, the one interaction has remained relatively the same throughout: bullying. Bullying, a negative interaction, has produced many statistics. In other words, bullying has made its mark in who the common bullies are, who are the typical victims of bullying, the repercussions of bullying, and ways in which bullying is linked to social and individual problems such as depression, anxiety, and violent tendencies. Common Links Across Bullying Societal context has provided an†¦show more content†¦On the contrary to the negativity forwarded by the bully, there are aspects that may help children avoid the drive-for-power behavior. The alternative to being a bully is an effective member of society. If a child has the right friend group they will be less inclined to be involved in negative behavior. By right friend group this means, supportive in nature. Those who are not the alternative are unfortunate in the matter that they become the victim of bullying. Overweight and obese children are often bullied. As well as, anxious, socially withdrawn, and aggressive children are often found to be the victims of bullying. The reasons behind these characteristics being common amongst victims is because those who are anxious or socially withdrawn are not likely to fight back or retaliate if bullied. And contrary to belief children who demonstrate aggressive tendencies fall victim to bullying becaus e their behavior may be interpreted as irritating by the bully. These children who are victims are victims of many types of bullying. Types of Bullying Overall bullying perceived as a singular concept, but there are many variations that take place. These types of bullying include: verbal, emotional, physical, and cyberbullying. Verbal bullying takes on different forms such as: insults, racist, sexist, or homophobic remarks, name calling, or teasing. Emotional bullying impacts an individual through the isolation of the individual through directShow MoreRelatedMidterm Essay: Experiences Alter The Perception Of Time.1618 Words   |  7 PagesPerception of Time Imagine that there was a power outage throughout the night, causing your alarm clock to restart. Now you are late for work, which gets you in trouble with your boss. So now you are sitting at work anxiously waiting to clock out due to this terrible day. Thinking that it’s been hours since the last time you looked at the clock, but in reality only ten minutes have passed. As this common situation used personal perception that, altered the reality of physical time. 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Breast Cancer A Unique Non Wired Bra - 915 Words

Millie is a unique non-wired bra intended to make a difference to the lives of so many women especially targeted for women after breast cancer. Sue Pringle founded the idea of a soft and shapely, non-wired bra, with a pocketed lining designed for women who want to regain confidence after breast cancer. Pringle, who was a victim of breast cancer realized the difficulty of finding a suitable bra after her breast surgery. After ten years of breast cancer, Pringle understood that she and other women who have also suffered from breast cancer could no longer wear an ordinary bras. For this reason, she was determined to discover Millie after her research find out that many women felt the same way she did about ordinary bras. For instance,†¦show more content†¦The value that these women after breast cancer are getting from this product is something beautiful and comfortable to regain their confidence. Millie Lingerie has done a remarkable job at marketing their non-wired bars. One of the ways they marketed their bras is by having a plan on how many products they’re going to sell to potential customers. To demonstrate, Millie has set a goal to pre-sell 500 or more bras as a reward, Gift to someone special, or Gift to a Charity. This marketing method allows for Pringle’s products to get on to the hands of her target market. With the rewards system, Millie has sent out bra rewards designed to make sure everybody can get involved on their project whether if they’re: women, men, children, friends, and family. The rewards car method is a great way to reach out to their recipients and create customer loyalty. Millie has also allowed for their users to give feedback on their product to better improve it. To clarify, they have asked women after breast cancer how it feels to wear the bra in hope to receive vital feedback for ongoing product development, and further proof of market to future trade customers. Not only is Millie offering rewards but she is also offer a Gift a Bra to Charity Reward. Millie is partnered with a couple of charities such as Keeping Abreast and The Nottingham Hospitals Charity. Both charities support women through some of the hard times during breast cancer

Music in my life Essay Summary Example For Students

Music in my life Essay Summary Life All over the world there are people of different cultures, skin colors, backgrounds, and more. This world that we live on is such a unique place with many different wonderful aspects. One thing in life that everyone in the world can share is music. Music is what brings the world together. Almost every single person uses music in many different ways. Some people use music to trigger old memories, some use music to calm or relax themselves, and some use music to hype themselves up. Music is used everywhere and everyday. Many people use music to calm or relax themselves and fall asleep and some use music to hype up and have fun. Even very young children use music to help them fall asleep. Music also can easily bring memories back to your mind. There are many times in my life that I hear a song and instantly wish I could go back to that moment in time when I heard that song such as a vacation. I listen to certain types of music according to my emotion or mood. When I am in a happy mood, I play hip-hop, pop, or rap music. When I am in a more depressing mood, I sit down and listen to country r blues music and relate my life to that song. It actually helps me feel better when I can relate to a song because it helps me realize that I am not the only one going through what I am depressed about at the time. I cannot even begin to fathom a life without music. Just imagine, driving in a car with no music, going into a store with no music, or even a party with no music. Life would Just be so boring and I am so thankful that I have music in my life. I am excited to learn more about music this semester and learn about different genres, artists, and more. Music in my life By major